Короткие (1 слог)
Форма: adj + er / the + adj + est
- tall → taller → tallest
- cheap → cheaper → cheapest
- old → older → oldest
- fast → faster → fastest
Базовое правило для односложных: просто +er и +est.
1 слог: гласная + согласная
Форма: удвоить согласную + er/est
- big → bigger → biggest
- hot → hotter → hottest
- thin → thinner → thinnest
- fat → fatter → fattest
Если в конце «согласная-гласная-согласная» — последнюю букву удваиваем.
Заканчивается на -e
Форма: + r / + st
- large → larger → largest
- nice → nicer → nicest
- late → later → latest
- safe → safer → safest
Уже есть -e на конце — добавляем только -r / -st.
2 слога на -y
Форма: y → i + er/est
- happy → happier → happiest
- easy → easier → easiest
- busy → busier → busiest
- early → earlier → earliest
-y превращается в -i: happy → happier.
Длинные (2+ слога)
Форма: more + adj / the most + adj
- modern → more modern → most modern
- careful → more careful → most careful
- expensive → more expensive → most expensive
- beautiful → more beautiful → most beautiful
Длинные прилагательные НЕ берут -er/-est. Только more / most.
1 слог на -ed → more
Форма: more / most (не -er!)
- bored → more bored → most bored
- tired → more tired → most tired
- stressed → more stressed → most stressed
- scared → more scared → most scared
Хоть и один слог, но на -ed всегда more/most. Не *boreder.
less / least — обратное «меньше»
Форма: less + adj … / the least + adj
- difficult → less difficult → least difficult
- expensive → less expensive → least expensive
less — противоположность more («менее …»), the least — «наименее».
Исключения
Форма: надо запомнить
- good → better → best
- bad → worse → worst
- far → farther / further → farthest / furthest
- little → less → least
- many / much → more → most
Самые частые — учим наизусть. Не *gooder, не *more good.
Как использовать
| Конструкция | Пример |
|---|---|
| comparative + than | She is taller than me. This phone is cheaper than that one. |
| the + superlative | He is the tallest in the class. It's the best film of the year. |
| as … as (равенство) | She is as tall as her brother. (= одинаковые) |
| not as … as (меньше) | This is not as expensive as I thought. (= дешевле) |
| much / a bit + comparative | It's much bigger. / It's a bit cheaper. (усиление) |
| Частая ошибка | Не *more taller, не *the most biggest — нельзя смешивать -er/est и more/most. |
Равенство: as ... as
| Конструкция | Значение | Пример |
|---|---|---|
| as + прил./нар. + as | равенство — «такой же … как» | She is as tall as her brother. · Run as fast as you can. |
| not as / so + … + as | «не такой … как» (= меньше) | This isn't as expensive as I thought. · He's not so old as me. |
| as many + (счисл.) + as | одинаковое количество (исчисляемое) | I have as many books as you. (books — мн. ч.) |
| as much + (несчисл.) + as | одинаковое количество (неисчисляемое) | She earns as much money as him. (money — неисчисл.) |
| twice / three times as … as | кратное сравнение | This car is twice as expensive as that one. |
| as … as possible | «насколько возможно» | Come as soon as possible. · Be as quiet as possible. |
| the same as | «такой же, как» (через существительное) | My phone is the same as yours. |
much / many / less / fewer
| Слово | Значение | Пример |
|---|---|---|
| more + сущ. | больше (и счисл., и несчисл.) | I need more time. · We have more books now. |
| less + несчисл. | меньше (неисчисляемое) | I have less money than before. · Drink less coffee. |
| fewer + счисл. мн.ч. | меньше (исчисляемое) | There are fewer cars today. · fewer people |
| as much + несчисл. + as | столько же (неисчисляемое) | I don't earn as much money as my boss. |
| as many + счисл. + as | столько же (исчисляемое) | I don't have as many books as I used to. |
| much / far / a lot + comparative | усиление: «намного …» | It's much bigger. · far more expensive · a lot better |
| a bit / a little + comparative | смягчение: «немного …» | It's a bit cheaper. · a little faster |
Нюансы
| Местоимения после than / as | She's taller than me. ИЛИ than I am. НЕ than I. |
| in, а не of, после превосходной | It's the longest bridge in the world. НЕ of the world. |
| Превосходная + Present Perfect + ever | It's the best book I've ever read. |
| Притяжательное вместо the | my best friend · their most famous song (без the). |
Сравнения для русскоязычных: -er, more и the
Подробный разбор
В чем смысл
Сравнительная степень в английском строится двумя способами, и выбор зависит от длины слова. Короткие прилагательные — в один слог и двусложные на -y — получают -er и -est: cheap → cheaper → the cheapest, happy → happier → the happiest. Длинные — more и most: expensive → more expensive → the most expensive. Смешивать способы нельзя. В русском тоже два способа («дешевле» и «более дорогой»), но выбор там не зависит от длины, поэтому интуиция не помогает.
Превосходная степень почти всегда с the: the best, the most interesting — «самый» по определению единственный. Сравнение с кем-то или чем-то вводит than: She's taller than me. Три главных исключения нужно знать наизусть: good → better → the best, bad → worse → the worst, far → further → the furthest.
Сигнальные слова и контексты
«Намного» перед сравнительной степенью — much, far или a lot: much cheaper, far more expensive, a lot better; «чуть-чуть» — a bit или a little: a bit faster. Very со сравнительной степенью не ставится. Равенство — as … as: as tall as me; неравенство — not as … as: not as expensive as I thought. После превосходной степени места и группы идут с in: the tallest in the class, the best in the world; отрезки и множества — с of: the best day of my life, the best of all.
Типичная ошибка русскоязычных
❌ This one is more cheaper. → ✅ This one is cheaper.
Две русские модели — «более дешевый» и «дешевле» — склеиваются в одну, и получается двойное сравнение. Выбирают одно: -er для коротких слов или more для длинных. Вторая частая ошибка — усиление через very: very better → much better. Третья — of после превосходной по образцу «лучший игрок мира»: the best of the world → the best in the world.
Мини-пары
- much bigger — намного больше. very big — очень большой.
- as tall as me — такой же высокий, как я. not as tall as me — ниже меня.
- the best in the class — лучший в классе. the best of the three — лучший из трех.